Employment coaching Toolkit resources

Employment coaching

Employment coaching reduces the likelihood of young people being NEET by providing practical guidance on the job application process, and on starting a new job.

Last updated: 26 August 2026
Compare outcomes for...
ImpactAn assessment of the likely median level of intervention's impact on outcomes
StrengthAn assessment of the degree of confidence that can be placed in the findings, in the context that all studies included in the toolkit are high-quality, peer-reviewed impact studies.
Education The headline measure for education is completing a 'school leaving' qualification by 24 months after the intervention starts. This corresponds broadly to passing GCSEs in England, or to Level 2 attainment, which is associated with lower risk of becoming NEET.
score icon Negative impact
ImpactAn assessment of the likely median level of intervention's impact on outcomes
score iconscore iconscore icon Well supported
StrengthAn assessment of the degree of confidence that can be placed in the findings, in the context that all studies included in the toolkit are high-quality, peer-reviewed impact studies.
Employment The headline measure for employment is whether a young person has been employed at any point in the 12-24 months after an intervention starts. Every young person has the right to earn, learn and thrive.
score iconscore iconscore icon Low positive impact
ImpactAn assessment of the likely median level of intervention's impact on outcomes
score iconscore iconscore icon Well supported
StrengthAn assessment of the degree of confidence that can be placed in the findings, in the context that all studies included in the toolkit are high-quality, peer-reviewed impact studies.
Training The headline measure for training is whether a young person has engaged with Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) by 24 months after an intervention starts, which can support the development of workforce skills and increase long-term earning and employment prospects. This is a composite of several outcome metrics.
score icon Low/no impact
ImpactAn assessment of the likely median level of intervention's impact on outcomes
score iconscore iconscore icon Consolidating
StrengthAn assessment of the degree of confidence that can be placed in the findings, in the context that all studies included in the toolkit are high-quality, peer-reviewed impact studies.
Cost

We use a cost-description approach to help you estimate the relative indicative costs of delivering an intervention effectively. The more intense, complex or specific the provision needs, the higher the expected associated cost. These may vary considerably depending on programme duration, location, setting, and scale. Learn more in about the toolkit.

score iconscore iconscore icon Moderate - likely to require some intense, complex or specific resource needs for effective delivery
young person iconyoung person iconyoung person icon
3 more young people in work per 100 The percentage point change shows the "additional" benefit a component or programme provides compared to what would likely happen anyway ('business as usual'). This helps you identify which components provide the most significant boost to your existing services. The highest impact on employment presented in the Toolkit is a 10 percentage point increase, the equivalent of 10 in 100 additional young people. Learn more in 'about the toolkit'.

For every 100 young people who are NEET and take part in employment coaching as a component of a targeted youth employment intervention, 3 more young people are in employment 12 to 24 months later compared to those who did not take part. This component increase recent employment by 3 percentage points.

Key findings

Headline insights about this component based on current high-quality evidence

Recent employment

Becoming employed

Employment coaching can help young people gain employment within two years of starting the programme.

The research suggests that employment coaching is likely to have a ‘low positive’ impact on ‘recent employment’ (12-24 months from the start of the intervention).

The probability of any positive impact on this outcome is around 57%, and the probability of a moderate positive impact is 27%.

Young people aged 21 and above are likely to benefit most from tailored support during the later stages of the recruitment process, compared to those aged 16 to 20 years old.

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Reducing NEET

Lowering likelihood

Employment coaching is highly likely to reduce young people's chance of not being NEET (not in education, employment or training).

The probability of a positive impact on NEET reduction is over 90%, a finding that is ‘well supported’ by the evidence.

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Interpret with caution

Education impacts

The negative impact on school completion is very small, and findings for participation in school completion qualifications are more promising.

The probability of a positive effect on secondary school participation is much higher (47.9%) than for school completion (3%).

These findings may also reflect the strong focus of employment coaching on getting and sustaining employment, rather than improving educational outcomes or gaining qualifications.

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What is employment coaching?

Employment coaching provides young people with access to guidance and support during the job application and selection process.

Typically employment coaching

  • includes one-on-one sessions with a coach, offering personalised and practical advice
  • share information about interview preparation, interview technique and workplace communication and etiquette
  • provides guidance on navigating the challenges of starting a new job

Who is employment coaching for?

Read more about Who is employment coaching for?

Young people aged 16 and over who are unemployed, NEET, or economically inactive.

Who can offer employment coaching?

Read more about Who can offer employment coaching?

Any UK organisation — business, charity, public-sector body or social enterprise — that meets legal requirements such as:

  • providing a safe working environment
  • complying with working-time rules for young people

How long is employment coaching?

Read more about How long is employment coaching?

We did not find evidence for the specific duration of the employment coaching element within multi-component interventions.

How is employment coaching funded?

Read more about How is employment coaching funded?

Funding may come from diverse sources or from a mixture of sources including:

  • government (local or central)
  • charities
  • community organisations

What are the delivery settings?

Read more about What are the delivery settings?
  • Workplaces of participating employers
  • College, university, or independent training provider in-person or virtual
  • Schools and communities

Benefits for young people

Employment coaching can support individuals to:

  • navigate job applications and the selection process, removing barriers to access
  • better manage their first weeks in a new job by addressing knowledge gaps and increasing confidence

Benefits for employers

Employment coaching can support employers to:

  • recruit young people who have an understanding of hiring process and workplace etiquette
  • reduce turnover and strengthen retention

The cost rating for employment coaching is moderateModerate - likely to require some intense, complex or specific resource needs for effective deliverymoderate

Calculations are based on insights from available high-quality studies on the complexity of delivery requirements and estimated associated costs.

outreach iconOutreach and recruitment activity

Tailored and varied with associated staffing, materials, scheduling and administrative costs, promotional activities and campaigns. Delivery to young people with complex needs or vulnerabilities may require a more targeted approach to recruitment.

clock iconDelivery intensity

Evidence on the most effective duration for this component is limited. Support provided typically involves personalised guidance, which requires additional time and mentoring skills from staff.

partners iconDelivery partners

Training providers and potential intermediaries that need to co-ordinate in partnership, supported by programme planning and management, requiring additional admin resource

expertise iconDelivery expertise

Specialist, requiring expert work coaches with the skills to develop intelligence on local labour markets and to liaise with employers and other local stakeholders.

wages iconWages, financial assistance or incentives

Recruitment costs and wages for specialist coaches, and provision for programme administration and management staff where appropriate

settings iconDelivery settings

General group settings rather than personalised or 1-2-1 and can be at a college, university, or independent training provider in-person or virtual. Often require physical learning materials and resources. Can be integrated and combined with other intervention types and support packages.

outreach icon Outreach and recruitment activity

Tailored and varied with associated staffing, materials, scheduling and administrative costs, promotional activities and campaigns. Delivery to young people with complex needs or vulnerabilities may require a more targeted approach to recruitment.

clock icon Delivery intensity

Evidence on the most effective duration for this component is limited. Support provided typically involves personalised guidance, which requires additional time and mentoring skills from staff.

partners icon Delivery partners

Training providers and potential intermediaries that need to co-ordinate in partnership, supported by programme planning and management, requiring additional admin resource

expertise icon Delivery expertise

Specialist, requiring expert work coaches with the skills to develop intelligence on local labour markets and to liaise with employers and other local stakeholders.

wages icon Wages, financial assistance or incentives

Recruitment costs and wages for specialist coaches, and provision for programme administration and management staff where appropriate

settings icon Delivery settings

General group settings rather than personalised or 1-2-1 and can be at a college, university, or independent training provider in-person or virtual. Often require physical learning materials and resources. Can be integrated and combined with other intervention types and support packages.

Considerations for decision makers

Based on existing evidence, we’ve identified some common features that support the commissioning, design and delivery of effective youth employment programmes:

01

Ensure outreach and awareness activities are effective and targeted to reach those most likely to benefit

Read more about Ensure outreach and awareness activities are effective and targeted to reach those most likely to benefit

Design, fund and deliver outreach and recruitment activities that raise young people’s awareness, with targeted initiatives to reach under-represented group who are most likely to benefit.

This might include:

  • Young people who have been out of work and/or learning for longer periods.
  • Young people without Level 2 qualifications.
  • Young people whose life experiences put them at higher risk of marginalisation in the labour market, for example those with experience of the care system and/or with SEN.

Discover more about risk factors associated with being NEET.

Also consider how best to identify and engage the most suitable partners and employers for a programme. Engagement should be timely and clear, in ways that raise awareness and facilitate recruitment, enrolment, and sustained engagement.

Effective programmes may use direct community outreach activities for engaging under-served groups, alongside up-to-date local and administrative data, working with public employment services, or advertising vacancies along with eligibility criteria.

02

Tailor and structure programmes well to support access and maintain engagement

Read more about Tailor and structure programmes well to support access and maintain engagement

Design, fund and deliver programmes that

  • take needs assessment and case management approaches
  • where relevant, are quality assured by appropriate methods
  • support young people to develop a range of theoretical, practical, transferrable and interpersonal skills
  • help young people maintain motivation and understand their professional and personal development
  • prioritise tailored support for participants, accounting for the complexity and diversity of individuals’ needs
  • monitor staff capacity and support to reduce administrative burden

 

03

Take a joined-up, collaborative approach

Read more about Take a joined-up, collaborative approach

A strong relationship between policymakers, learning providers, employers, community organisations and local skills delivery organisations including Mayoral Strategic Authorities and Local Skills Improvement Plan areas supports effective youth employment support programmes.

Design, fund and deliver programmes that

  • foster collaboration with education providers such as colleges to improve access to relevant teaching experience.
  • incorporate cohesive management structures applicable to geographical scale and goals
  • account for existing infrastructure 

rogrammes that are highly dispersed benefit from a combination of centralised and local management structures with a project director across delivery partners to ensure consistent delivery approach across multiple sites.  

Smaller scale programmes benefit from centralised management, responsible for designing programme guidelines and coordinating delivery across delivery sites within a limited geographical area.  

Effective programmes may establish communities of practice across local delivery leaders or steering groups. 

04

Encourage systematic monitoring and evaluation to help build and strengthen the evidence base

Read more about Encourage systematic monitoring and evaluation to help build and strengthen the evidence base

Support providers and delivery organisations to accurately and systematically capture and communicate data and milestones and track programme outcomes. This may include structured and standardised tracking forms, or developing realistic programme-specific performance frameworks.

For funders and commissioners – ensure recorded data, reporting and assessment captures a full range of appropriate and relevant youth employment and related outcomes to help rich understanding to ensure rich picture of what programmes do.

Encouraging reporting commonly recognised metrics allows evaluation to be easily comparable and included in the growing evidence base.

05

Prioritise staff recruitment, retention and training to build trust and reduce turnover

Read more about Prioritise staff recruitment, retention and training to build trust and reduce turnover

Design, fund and deliver programmes that:

  • recruit staff as early as feasible, allowing time for training which can support initial engagement and familiarisation
  • pay staff appropriately and seek where possible to employ staff on long-term or permanent contracts to ensure consistency and continuity of delivery
  • hire staff with appropriate knowledge, experience and/or qualifications, and provide sufficient training, ongoing support, and opportunities for peer learning
  • consider hiring staff with similar lived experiences to the target population and/or prior experience of working with young people in the local area
  • ensure low staff-to-participant ratios where possible, to support capacity to engage with participants on resource-heavy tasks such as co-designed action plans
  • clearly define roles and responsibilities and communicate intended outcomes and benchmarks to strengthen accountability

About the evidence

What’s included in the analysis?

Read more about What’s included in the analysis?
Included studies77
Location(s)High-income countries
OutcomeLabour force status, earnings, employment duration, hours worked, and education & skills
Comparator'Services as usual' / Business as usual

The Youth Employment Toolkit brings together evidence from robust studies in high-income countries that:

  1. measured the intervention’s impact against what would have happened without it

  2. defined employment coaching as a component of a targeted intervention to support youth employment outcomes

Find details of individual studies, as well as other systematic reviews of youth employment evaluations, in the Youth Employment Evidence and Gap Map.

More information about included studies can be found in page 55-60 of the full CNMA report. The specific evidence profile for employment coaching can be found on page 156.

The evidence strength ratings for employment coaching reflect the number of studies included in the meta-analysis. Studies were scored on reported design, sample size, approach to attrition, and definitions of interventions and outcome measures. More detail can be found in the technical guide.

Implications for evaluators and commissioners

Read more about Implications for evaluators and commissioners

The current evidence can be strengthened by taking a consistent approach to incorporating standardised metrics for education, employment and training outcomes as well as outcomes that indicate work quality.

Prioritise further understanding of component duration to identify typical delivery and what might be optimal for success.